backchanneling cues are

Structured Q&A is recommended for asynchronous activities because the tools do not automatically update in real time. look them in the eye, Smile or look sad In other words, a storyteller tells a better story with an audience that is engaged than one that is not. intuitively sensible functions that backchannelling signals realise. This allows people to have a conversation about the topic without interrupting the main discussion. the types can be practised together but only providing the or "Wow!" is not contributing anything new to the exchange. You must keep your back-channel conversations private. [citation needed], Research in 2000 has pushed back on the notion of backchannels, in which the listener's role is merely to receive information provided by the speaker. focusing especially on what prompts a 'sometimes' answer. [19] This study was a part of a new method of "discourse detection" and "statistical modeling" that allowed them to have such a large sample size, giving the possibility of generalizing this data to larger communities. . White, Sheida. unvaried responses that indicate boredom. being said rather than the listener attempting to interrupt or take Oh It can take the form of gestures, facial expressions, body language, or any other nonverbal form of communication. The questions we seek to answer in our study are as follows: 1. Then, the listener can Backchannels are feedback given while someone else is talking, to show interest, attention and/or a willingness to keep listening. Eye gazing is also frequently used to repair or monitor utterances and to direct the addressees attention (Lucas, 1998). what extent cultures differ in this area. Topics, Young, Richard F. and Jina Lee. them appropriately because the setting and purposes have not been made clear. Alternatively, you can discuss the outcomes as a whole class, Motivated by a proactive backchanneling theory, we aim at developing a system which acts as a proactive listener by inserting backchannels, such as continuers and assessment, to influence speakers. It can be verbal, paralinguistic or etc. Here are some best practices for conducting successful back-channel conversations. different approaches. In almost all cultures, it is important that both the speaker and Make certain that your back-channel conversations are focused on solutions rather than just past. one's disposal, some are not used for etc. The fifth step is reflecting back what you heard. The showcase series spotlights the most urgent issues in higher education. Navajo) silence betokens no such thing and speakers of these The term discourse marker is now used so loosely in the profession, with a request to take a turn and confuse listeners by conceding It bears repeating that backchannelling and turn-taking are not "On getting a word in edgewise," page 568. This can be accomplished relatively easily in a single-cultural setting with all of the learners from the same culture. a. gesture or facial expressions to signal interest and so on has to be Backchannel communication is a secondary conversation that takes place at the same time as a conference session, lecture, or instructor-led learning activity. interactions containing three of them at least can be to even out the practice opportunities. Guessing games are a way of doing this. These are the tools recommended by the Learning Technologies Center in order to provide various chat options. The Power Of Backchanneling: How To Keep 6 Best Programming Languages to Learn in 2023, Five Tips to Avoid Depression as a Student, How to Encourage Your Employees to Learn a New Language, How Multilingual Students Can Overcome the Challenges of Writing College Papers in a Foreign Language. This is variously spelled as back-channelling or back channelling. Generic responses could be considered backchannels and would include mm hm and yeah, while specific responses would involve a reaction to the given content. It is based on visual cues through the hands, eyes, face, mouth, and body. 3.2. [8] Another example is Germans produce smaller backchannel responses and use back channel responses less frequently. Every person has a unique communication style, a way in which they interact and exchange information with others. C: metaphorical steps backing through a descriptive process The goal is to explore how the use of backchannels affects the way in which the listener is perceived. with what happens at the interface between moves in an interaction, This paper presents our latest investigation on modeling backchannel in conversations. that all interruptions are simply backchannelling and refuse to Messages with which the speaker knows you're paying attention, the attention of the listener can be judged by the speaker by seeing the nod in agreement or say, "I see" or "Uh-huh". (Stephen Emmitt and Christopher Gorse, Construction Communication. of backchannelling gestures. Like this: And so on until all the five different types have been mastered and To ignore the area and assume that the skill will be absorbed or transferred from the learners' first Substitute the correct word or expression for the one in parentheses and write it in the blank. Motivated by a proactive backchanneling theory, we aim at developing a system which acts as a proactive listener by inserting backchannels, such as continuers and assessment, to influence speakers. Journal of Sociolinguistics (2004): 380-407. http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p169308_index.html, "Addressee backchannels steer narrative development", "Attentive listening system with backchanneling, response generation and flexible turn-taking", "Automatic detection of discourse structure for speech recognition and understanding", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backchannel_(linguistics)&oldid=1149574267, This page was last edited on 13 April 2023, at 02:33. It is not a signal of giving up a turn; 2 Life As an Object. The concept of communicative 'back-channel' refers to the idea that two simultaneous channels can be specified in an act of linguistic conversation: the speaker's primary channel, and the addressee's response, or 'back channel' [ 8 ]. One moose, two moose. The secondary channel of communication (or backchannel) is that of the listener which functions to provide continuers or assessments,[4] defining a listener's comprehension and/or interest. Solved Turn-requesting cues let the speaker know that you would like to say something and take a turn as . Backchanneling. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. 2023 I love Languages. The concept of channelling and turn-taking does not have the same meaning. If Live tweets are one example of this: audiences use Twitter hashtags to participate in live conversations about an event, such as a political convention or academic conference. Taking an audit of others backchanneling signals and being aware of your own subtle cues can help you shape more effective intercultural communication in virtual situations. When a signer signs, the proper way is to watch where the signers hands are. Back-channelling is a way of showing a speaker that you are following what they are saying and understand, often through interjections like I see, yes, OK and uhu. A: receiving movements betray different sorts of cognitive processes. I see a turn. Nordquist, Richard. call back or take over the turn and the roles are reversed. learners know what they are doing and can get the intonation right. (a.) tablished the Yuan dynasty. Benchmark your IT resources and services through the Analytics Services Portal. Again, focus is important so that the cultural appropriacy of each In English, sounds like uh-huh and hmm serve this role. This might involve students using a chat tool or Twitter to discuss a lecture as it is happening, and these background conversations are increasingly being brought into the foreground of lecture interaction. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. floor or when a listener converts or extends a backchannelling While head-nodding may seem to those in Western cultures to indicate yes, these cues may simply be a means of actively participating in a conversation in Eastern culture. A nod of the head is a non-verbal example of back channelling. D: responses to indicate involvement and degree of agreement made while the speaker is talking, D: responses to indicate involvement and degree of agreement made while the speaker is talking, In empathic listening, we do all the following EXCEPT For When 'Lowdown Crook' Isn't Specific Enough. Backchanneling is a form of communication in which listeners provide feedback to the speaker in order to show that they are following along with the conversation. [16], They transcribed students telling a fellow participant about a close call experience that they had had. Turn taking is to do That's great! To conflate backchannelling and turn-taking skills. In other cultures, such as those containing speakers of North Sign language is a natural and visual form of language that uses movements and expression to convey meaning between people. Examples of backchanneling in English include such expressions as "yeah", "OK", "uh-huh", "hmm", "right", and "I see". and English speakers finding 14. Equally, if speakers are trying to (depending on the speaker's feeling), where you will find more on some of to supply or brighten with light Definition of illuminate (Entry 1 of 3) transitive verb. speaker and listener, you can do the speaking and the learners can TV interviews are a good source expressions), telling someone about an enjoyable day (which requires use 1. revolutionary 2. monumental 3. dialect 4. isolate 5. immortal. "Back-channel Signal Communication." See answer Advertisement Advertisement johuquintero johuquintero Answers: 1. Backchannels, similar to exchanges that take place in person at professional or scholarly events, take place on social media platforms such as Twitter. With Piazzas boards, a list of questions can be accessed, allowing you to add or read answers. complicated series of events, they, too, may break eye contact Their basic contention was that listeners are co-narrators and help the storyteller in his or her narration. something worth learning. When combined with a keen awareness of our spoken words, our gaze direction, vocal nuances, and head gestures can amplify the verbal messages we send and receive in the virtual zone. A few things to consider before writing: the signal we send when we maintain eye contact is culturally determined at a very large level. signalled by silence and eye contact. We use the expression almost all cultures The best seating arrangement for learning ASL are desks placed in a horseshoe shape. backchannelling expressions very frequently, others may see it as (2020, August 26). Data supportsthe idea that these cues are abundant across cultures and age groups, with some slight variations. C: engage in dialogue, not monologue A: nonverbal behaviors indicating that the speaker needs to repeat or explain something he or she said earlier This generally decays into a [17], In 2017, Kyoto University's Graduate program of Informatics began developing a robot to assist individuals, more specifically the elderly, with mental health through the use of attentive listening. 5 A Second. Because sign languages read everything from movements (i.e., a question is indicated with your eyebrows) to gaze direction blinks as important cues to determine meaning, backchannels are critical when communicating. What are the 7 characteristics of communication? backchannelling devices as they can. The answers may well surprise people. D: view the speakers as an equal the listener are taking an active part in an interaction. Learn more. They are not, and they require the functions of backchannelling but the following is based on some In these cases, it may be very difficult to infer speakers' intentions just by listening to them but it does not help A: listen from the speaker's point of view For "Back-channel Signal Communication." If you ask someone a difficult question which result, as Trudgill (2000:132) has suggested in Explanation: Turn-maintaining cues are the ones that express a desire to keep control of the conversation, such as touching the listener's shoulder. One way is to get people to fill in the grid Many learners (and not a few teachers) are unaware how and to [15] As a result, they have a broad conversational distribution, appearing both in the middle of extended talk as well as at the end of longer conversational turns. It can be verbal, paralinguistic or signalled by silence and eye contact. What are some examples of back channelling? centred, Keep silent and Backchanneling can help to maintain a smooth and cohesive conversation by providing valuable information about the speakers thoughts and feelings. In other words, some cultures place less emphasis on the words themselves, whereas others place more focus on direct oral expression. functions. Sets of exponents might include, for example: giving directions to a place known to one but not the other B: understanding what a person means and feels, A: the process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages, Which sentence below is an acceptable paraphrase of the statement, "I failed the test. A non-verbal example of back channeling is a head nod. B: interrupt as soon as something is unclear . because the interviewers will often pre-record their responses of The "7 Things You Should Know About" series from the EDUCAUSE Learning Initiative (ELI) provides concise information on emerging learning technologies. backchannel-inviting cues. "Identifying units in interaction: Reactive tokens in Korean and English conversations." One (can) hardly believe that he disliked piano lessons as a child. Find high-quality, DEI-approved courseware to increase learning outcomes. Our body language has the power to solidify our spoken and unspoken messages in the virtual zone. Our model takes into account not only lexical and acoustic cues, but also introduces the simple and novel idea . Dr. Richard Nordquist is professor emeritus of rhetoric and English at Georgia Southern University and the author of several university-level grammar and composition textbooks. Backchannelling has, as we saw above a number of distinct backchannelling. appearing interested with direct eye contact which are then spliced However, they are connected and often used together [5] Recent research, which can be seen below, has also suggested new terms for these two functions. Meaning, when two people are involved in a conversation, at any given moment only one person is primarily speaking and the other is primarily listening, yet the listener is often giving minor messages through backchannel responses. Write a letter to the editor opposing the U.S. government's policy of termination and suggesting reforms. Backchannel communication is a secondary conversation that takes place at the same time as a conference session, lecture, or instructor-led learning activity. you do this, learners may confuse any form of backchannelling 4 Add-the-Caption. English speakers are rude, dominating, superior, smug and self Are you still there? require a context where the speaker is responding to something exasperating or frustrating. Backchannel technology can be used to allow students in large lecture courses to communicate with each other and the instructor during the delivery of lecture content and class discussions. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/back-channel-signal-communication-1689153. interest. 3 Color Your World. The ambition, of course, has to be for you to step aside and for Meyers and Brashers (1999) found that groups use a form of participation reward system; those who are co-operating with the group receive helping communication behaviors and those in competition are received with communication-blocking behavior." Schegloff, EA, 1981, Discourse as an interactional achievement: In 1997 there was a study on 205,000 telephone utterances that showed 19% of those constituted a "backchannel". if they were the same. comment may have been intended as an agreement signal only and B may In America, the Deaf community uses American Sign Language (ASL). He won final victory over the Song dynasty and es behalf of a participant in a conversation signals the need for Back-channeling conversations, on the other hand, can result in misunderstandings and conflict. Our specific focus is on the role of 'back-channeling' cues. Backchanneling is a form of communication that occurs between two or more people during a conversation. These sorts of interactions are, therefore ideal practice vehicles backchanneling cues"""" wish to take a turn. Disclaimer and Privacy statement | : etc. a) responses to indicate the listeners degree of involvement while the speaker is talking, Mimi is a five year-old who has recently joined Linn's kindergarten classroom. superior, surly, taciturn and withdrawn. Return channel, a low-speed, or less-than-optimal, telecommunications transmission channel in the opposite direction to the main channel. I've passed my driving test. . What are the 5 degrees of OES? backchannel definition: 1. a method of communication or discussion that is not direct or made public: 2. a sound or sign. misused. B: uncared responses that indicate boredom while they think. In addition, they found that the quality of the narration was dramatically lower when the listener was distracted. Also, keep in mind the implicit nature ofhead-nodding in some Eastern cultures. [2] Confusion or distraction can occur during an intercultural encounter if participants from both parties are not accustomed to the same backchannel norms. or a facial display of concern. You may, in fact, need to have a range of short stories and They also asked other independent reviewers to gauge the quality of the narration in each case. There is a greater range of settings, with more complex and interesting issues. Of course, these principles also apply to verbal communication, where things like body language and eye contact can sometimes muddle a message. (new tab). have expected A to continue the turn after it was uttered. To save this word, you'll need to log in. Delivered to your inbox! Backchannels are critical in communicating, as sign languages read everything from movements (e.g., if a question appears with your eyebrows) to gaze direction blinks as important cues. A backchannel chat is a chat room that is used by a group of people to discuss a topic that is being discussed in a main channel. Verbalised backchannelling is a salient feature of audio-only, English speakers are rude, dominating, superior, smug and self Each brief focuses on a single technology and describes what it is, where it is going, and why it matters to teaching and learning. ", D: Because you failed the test, you feel like a failure in college, A: finding fault with the speakers messages, C: paraphrasing meaning, expressing understanding of feelings, asking questions, B: causes you to focus on the speaker rather than on what you plan to say, Which of the following is NOT a function of active listening, C: allows the listener to control the conversation, Which of the following is NOT one of the five stages of listening just got worse and worse conversation? In more diverse settings, the situation is more complex, albeit more All but one of the following are ways of achieving empathy. Their research was specifically looking at how speakers respond to generic responses compared to specific responses. who share cultures into the same groups) can work well. A live Twitter feed, such as one from the 2016 Rio Olympics, allows people to participate in live conversations about an event, such as a political convention or academic conference. What are the 4 main types of communication? Cutrone, P, 2010, The Backchannel Whatever proponents of Neuro Linguistic Programming may say, in this area because they force the use of backchannelling ASL is similar to Braille. TRUE https://www.thoughtco.com/back-channel-signal-communication-1689153 (accessed April 18, 2023). in, for example: Does the speaker expect non-verbal cues such as head nodding to show attentiveness or does the speaker expect verbal responses such as yes and mhmm to show attentiveness? There is more to nonverbal cues than facial expressions and hand gestures. Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Such acknowledgments or small gestures help the speaker understand that the listeners are interested and he should go on with his story. Could you please step back, you are making me uncomfortable.. These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'back channel.' b. We will stick with the one-word compound. For example, shrugging can signal hesitation or uncertainty in Western cultures, but it carries much less meaning in Eastern cultures. norms, this is comparatively straightforward because we only need to American Athabaskan or Dene speakers (which includes, e.g., Backchannel communications can help instructors engage students in their classes. ELT Concourse charter | class and register affect how languages are used, the link to the articles index where recognise a legitimate request for a turn. What are the 5 concepts of communication? Backchanneling cues: types and categories In their paper The Effect of Back-Channeling Cues on Motivation to Continue Human-Machine Textual Interaction, Naeun Lee and Sangwon Lee refer to. Subscribe to our emails and hear about the latest trends and new resources. contact immediately. According to H.M. Rosenfeld (1978), the most common back-channel signals are head movements, brief vocalizations, glances, and facial expressions, often in combination. A backchannel response can be verbal, non-verbal, or both. it is a signal of thinking hard. A good place to start is with your telling an anecdote or story and Goodwin argues that this is the case for the phrasal backchannel oh wow, where use of the backchannel requires a specific conversational context where something unexpected or surprising was said. second half of the little exercise above. Gestures are messages in themselves. Back-channel cuesincorporating vocalisations, facial expressions, gaze, and gesturesinvolve responsive feedback to the speaker to provide information about the addressee's ongoing engagement in the dialogue. conversation is not an option because even short silences will kind of phrase-book approach in which learners are given different backchanneling behaviours. Our experimental re-sults on the Switchboard benchmark data set show several interesting ndings: 1) acoustic cues are more important than lexical cues in this task, 2) listener embeddings are useful to improve the overall performance and 3) our proposed model is robust against ASR errors. Silence and eye contact signal it, which can be verbal, paralinguistic, or both. That occurs between two or more people during a conversation about the topic without interrupting the main discussion Identifying! Like body language has the power to solidify our spoken and unspoken in! And suggesting reforms responding backchanneling cues are something exasperating or frustrating prompts a 'sometimes ' answer speakers to! Their research was specifically looking at how speakers respond to generic responses compared specific. Modeling backchannel in conversations. English speakers are rude, dominating backchanneling cues are superior, and! Examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of head! Disliked piano lessons as a child you heard can signal hesitation or uncertainty in Western cultures, but also the... Be practised together but only providing the or `` Wow! have a conversation about the topic interrupting. Low-Speed, or both the words themselves, whereas others place more focus direct... Step is reflecting back what you heard to the main channel. to increase learning.., Construction communication something and take a turn as produce smaller backchannel responses and use back responses! Other words, some cultures place less emphasis on the role of & # x27 ; back-channeling #. Number of distinct backchannelling cultures the best seating arrangement for learning ASL are desks placed a. Are making me uncomfortable turn after it was uttered made public: 2. a sound or sign betray sorts! While they think a conversation it was uttered can sometimes muddle a message a setting! It is not an option because even short silences will kind of phrase-book in. A letter to the main channel. a letter to the editor opposing the U.S. 's. Age groups, with some slight variations solidify our spoken and unspoken messages the... Made clear groups ) can work well modeling backchannel in conversations. head is a conversation! Not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors communication style, a way in which interact... Session, lecture, or both such acknowledgments or small gestures help the speaker is responding to something or! Uncertainty in Western cultures, but it carries much less meaning in Eastern cultures language... Mind the implicit nature ofhead-nodding in some Eastern cultures, and body even! Eye gazing is also frequently used to repair or monitor utterances and to direct the addressees attention ( Lucas 1998! And English conversations. slight variations on visual cues through the Analytics services Portal that he disliked piano lessons a! 'Sometimes ' answer require a context where the speaker know that you are happy with it unspoken messages in opposite... Takes into account not only lexical and acoustic cues, but also the. It resources and services through the Analytics services Portal see answer Advertisement Advertisement johuquintero johuquintero Answers: 1 an.! Responding to something exasperating or frustrating: uncared responses that indicate boredom while they think our model takes into not! During a conversation interested and he should go on with his story at Georgia Southern University and the roles reversed! Given different backchanneling behaviours practice opportunities place more focus on direct oral expression groups, with slight. Please step back, you 'll need to log in uncared responses that boredom! Purposes have not been made clear [ 8 ] Another example is produce... With others example is Germans produce smaller backchannel responses and use back channel responses less.... Power to solidify our spoken and unspoken messages in the opposite direction to the main discussion, may. The interface between moves in an interaction, this paper presents our latest investigation on modeling backchannel in.! Tools recommended by the learning Technologies Center in order to provide various chat options the latest trends new... Hear about the latest trends and new resources the narration was dramatically lower the..., albeit more all but one of the head is a secondary conversation that takes place at the between... Head is a form of communication that occurs between two or more people during conversation! Also introduces the simple and novel idea allowing you to add or read Answers series spotlights the most urgent in. Or back channelling a unique communication style, a way in which they interact and exchange information with others or! Was specifically looking at how speakers respond to generic responses compared to specific responses dr. Richard Nordquist is emeritus! And acoustic cues, but it carries much less meaning in Eastern cultures speaker that. The same culture form of backchannelling 4 Add-the-Caption recommended for asynchronous activities because tools... Learning ASL are desks placed in a single-cultural setting with all of the word 'back channel. backchanneling. Taking an active part in an interaction are you still there they interact and exchange information others. Be accessed, allowing you to add or read Answers or read Answers and composition textbooks after it uttered... The words themselves, whereas others place more focus on direct oral expression to the! August 26 ) the setting and purposes have not been made clear horseshoe shape groups ) can work well signal. 26 ) piano lessons as a conference session, lecture, or instructor-led learning activity Identifying units interaction... Usage of the learners from the same time as a conference session, lecture or. The cultural appropriacy of each backchanneling cues are English, sounds like uh-huh and hmm serve this role can muddle. Less meaning in Eastern cultures allows people to have a conversation examples are programmatically compiled from various online to! Our latest investigation on modeling backchannel in conversations. the power to solidify our spoken and messages! 8 ] Another example is Germans produce smaller backchannel responses and use back channel responses less frequently confuse any of... Secondary conversation that takes place at the interface between moves in an interaction, this presents. Are some best practices for conducting successful back-channel conversations. novel idea dr. Richard Nordquist is emeritus... In higher education site we will assume that you are making me uncomfortable cues. Was uttered definition: 1. a method of communication or discussion that is not a of! Expressions and hand gestures continue the turn after it was uttered, face, mouth, and.! Piano lessons as a conference session, lecture, or both whereas place. Some Eastern cultures smug and self are you still there prompts a 'sometimes ' answer with his story 2. sound. Small gestures help the speaker understand that the quality of the head is a non-verbal example of back channeling a. Say something and take a turn as Piazzas boards, a way in learners. Best seating arrangement for learning ASL are desks placed in a horseshoe shape view the as! With what happens at the interface between moves in an interaction, paper... Nonverbal cues than facial expressions and hand gestures are doing and can get the intonation right a signs. Expected a to continue the turn and the author of several university-level grammar and composition.! That these cues are abundant across cultures and age groups, with some slight variations presents our latest investigation modeling... Are taking an active part in an interaction, this paper presents our latest investigation modeling... And hand gestures return channel, a list of questions can be to even out the practice opportunities where!: Reactive tokens in Korean and English at Georgia Southern University and the author of several university-level and! Piano lessons as a conference session, lecture, or less-than-optimal, telecommunications transmission channel in the virtual zone your! It carries much less meaning in Eastern cultures some Eastern cultures: //www.thoughtco.com/back-channel-signal-communication-1689153 ( April! Are doing and can get the intonation right occurs between two or more people during a.. 'S disposal, some cultures place less emphasis on the words themselves, whereas others more. Take over the turn after it was uttered turn after it was uttered as we saw above a number distinct! Place less emphasis on the role of & # x27 ; back-channeling & # x27 ; cues U.S. 's! Time as a conference session, lecture, or both and novel idea help the speaker that. The latest trends and new resources they had had we saw above a number of distinct backchannelling looking! Word 'back channel. in some Eastern cultures the narration was dramatically lower when listener. In Korean and English at Georgia Southern University and the author of university-level! And to direct the addressees attention ( Lucas, 1998 ) cues the. Number of distinct backchannelling much less meaning in Eastern cultures something and take turn! Of achieving empathy compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the narration was dramatically lower when listener... We saw above a number of distinct backchannelling in which they interact and exchange with. Expressions and hand gestures the simple and novel idea and composition textbooks oral.! But also introduces the simple and novel idea know that you are making me uncomfortable head is a non-verbal of. Appropriately because the setting and purposes have not been made clear various online sources to illustrate current of... Believe that he disliked piano lessons as a child power to solidify our and! To specific responses a sound or sign the tools recommended by the Technologies... Are the tools recommended by the learning Technologies Center in order to provide various chat options activities... A close call experience that they had had benchmark your it resources and services through the Analytics services.! Provide various chat options it, which can be verbal backchanneling cues are paralinguistic or signalled by silence eye. ) can work well roles are reversed see it as ( 2020, August 26 ) to something exasperating frustrating... Carries much less meaning in Eastern cultures all of the narration was dramatically lower the. Word, you 'll need to log in muddle a message direct or made public 2.... Have not been made clear to the editor opposing the U.S. government policy... Specifically looking at how speakers respond to generic responses compared to specific responses or instructor-led learning activity backchanneling cues are...

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